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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar due to defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. It was first described in ancient times, with modern treatment revolutionized by the discovery of insulin in 1921 by Frederick Banting and Charles Best, who later received the Nobel Prize in 1923. According to ICMR, India has one of the highest burdens of diabetes globally. While incurable, it can be controlled through medication, diet, lifestyle changes, and traditional remedies including Ayurveda